Contents
What is VFR 甚麼是VFR
Visual Flight Rules (VFR) are a set of regulations under which a pilot operates an aircraft in weather conditions generally clear enough to allow the pilot to see where the aircraft is going. Using the VFR flight rules, the pilot must be able to operate the aircraft with visual reference to the ground, and by visually avoiding obstructions and other aircraft.
目視飛行規則(VFR)是一組規則。根據該規則,飛行員便可以在足夠的天氣條件下操作飛機,以使飛行員能夠看到飛機的去向。使用目視飛行規則,飛行員必須能夠在能夠以目視看到地面並通過目視避開障礙物和其他飛機。
AIRSPACE CLASSIFICATION 空域分類
Even if the sky may appear always the same, air traffic management requires the airspace to be divided in several classes, named by the first 7 alphabetic letters (A to G).
即使天空看起來都是一樣,空中交通管理也要求將空域劃分為幾個類別,並以前7個字母(A到G)命名。
CLASS C AIRSPACE C類空域
Class C airspace is a controlled airspace. In class C airspace, IFR and VFR flights are permitted.
所有航班均享有空中交通管制服務,使用儀表飛行規則的飛機會與其他使用儀表飛行規則的飛機和使用目視飛行規則的飛機分開。 使用目視飛行規則的飛機會與儀表飛行規則的飛機分開,並且會接收有關其他使用目視飛行規則的飛機其飛行的資訊。
Type of flight 飛行規則的類型 | Separation provided 會提供分隔 | Services provided 會提供的服務 | Speed limit 速度限制 | Radio Communication 無線電通訊 | ATC clearance ATC允許 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFR |
Yes, between IFR and between IFR and VFR |
Air Traffic Control, Flight Information, Alerting |
No |
Continuous, two ways |
Required |
VFR |
Yes, between VFR and IFR. Only Traffic Information between VFR |
Air Traffic Control, Flight Information, Alerting |
250KT below 10000ft |
Continuous, two ways |
Required |
CLASS G AIRSPACE G類空域
Class G airspace is a non-controlled airspace. In class G airspace, IFR and VFR flights are permitted.
G類空域是不受到管制的空域。 在G類空域中,允許使用儀表飛行規則的飛機和使用目視飛行規則的飛機的飛行。
IFR and VFR flights are permitted and receive flight information service. 允許使用儀表飛行規則的飛機和使用目視飛行規則的飛機的飛機飛行並接受航班信息服務。
Type of flight 飛行規則的類型 | Separation provided 會提供分隔 | Services provided 會提供的服務 | Speed limit 速度限制 | Radio Communication 無線電通訊 | ATC clearance ATC允許 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
IFR |
No separation |
Flight Information on request, Alerting |
250KT below 10000ft |
Continuous, two ways |
Not Required |
VFR |
No separation |
Flight Information on request, Alerting |
250KT below 10000ft |
Continuous, two ways |
Not Required |
A non-controlled airspace is not equal to airspace without air traffic controllers.
非管制空域不等於沒有空中交通管制員的空域。
Visual Meteorological Conditions (VMC) 目視氣象條件
Except when operating as a special VFR flight, all VFR flights shall be conducted in VMC conditions of visibility and distance from clouds equal to or greater than the minima presented in the table described in the VFR Minima documentation.
除了在特殊目視飛行規則的操作外,所有使用目視飛行規則的飛行均應在目視氣象條件的能見度和距雲的距離等於或大於目視飛行規則最低的要求所描述的條件下進行。
VFR minima 目視飛行規則的最低天氣要求
- VFR minima are the minimum weather requirements in order to perform a VFR flight.
- These minima are applicable in the following altitude and airspace classes.
- The parameters to take into account are visibility and minimum distances from clouds.
- 目視飛行規則的最低天氣要求是執行目視飛行規則飛行的最低天氣要求。
- 這些最低天氣要求適用於以下高度和空域類別。
- 要考慮的是能見度和距雲要求的最短距離。
VFR MINIMA TABLE 目視飛行規則的最低天氣要求表
Altitude band 海拔 | Airspace class 空域分類 | Minimum flight visibility 最低的飛行能見度 | Minimum distance from clouds 距雲的最短距離 |
---|---|---|---|
At or below 900m or 3000ft AMSL or, 300m or 1000ft above terrain, whichever is the higher |
A, B, C, D, E |
5km |
1500 m horizontally 300m or 1000ft vertically |
At or below 900m or 3000ft AMSL or, 300m or 1000ft above terrain, whichever is the higher |
F,G |
5km (*) |
Clear of cloud and with the surface in sight |
- Where flight visibility has been reduced to not less than 1500m, flights may be permitted at speeds that give adequate opportunity to observe other traffic or any obstacles in time to avoid collision.
- Helicopters may be permitted to operate in less than 1500m flight visibility if they can observe other traffic and any obstacles in time to avoid collision.
- 如果飛行能見度已降低至不少於1500m,則可以繼續飛行,該速度應給予足夠的機會觀察其他的飛行器或任何障礙物,以免發生碰撞。
- 如果直升機能夠及時觀察其他飛行器的情況和任何障礙物以避免碰撞,則可以允許其在小於1500米的飛行能見度內操作。
VFR flights during daylight hours may be approved 可以在日間使用目視飛行規則飛行
- within the Hong Kong ATZ providing the weather observation at Hong Kong International Airport shows a visibility of at least 5 km and a cloud ceiling of not less than 1500ft
- within the Hong Kong CTR providing the weather conditions on the intended track of the aircraft are a visibility of at least 5 km and a cloud ceiling of not less than 1500ft
- 在香港機場交通區內提供香港國際機場的天氣觀測顯示能見度至少為5公里,雲層高度不少於1500英尺
- 在香港的管制區內,能提供飛機預期航蹟的天氣情況的能見度至少為5公里,雲層的頂層高度不得低於1500英尺
Special VFR (SVFR) 特殊目視飛行規則
Below VMC minima (not VFR anymore) In Instrument Meteorological Conditions In a control zone (or at night)
低於目視飛行規則最低限度 (不再是目視飛行規則) 在儀表氣象條件當中 為處於管制區內 (或在夜晚)
Weather condition 天氣狀況
Fixed-wing > 1500m visibility
Helicopter > 800m visibility
Clear of cloud and insight of the surface
定翼機 能見度高於1500米
直升機 能見度高於800米
在雲外並能夠看見地面
AERODROME CIRCUIT MANAGEMENT 五邊飛行管理
AERODROME TRAFFIC PATTERN DESCRIPTION 五邊飛行描述
Regulations for Local Flights in Hong Kong 香港本地航班規例
- Pilots are reminded that it is the direct responsibility of the pilot-in-command of an aircraft to avoid collision with other aircraft when flying under VFR, notwithstanding that the flight is being conducted on an ATC clearance.
- The pilot of a helicopter departing from any location within the Territory, except for Hong Kong International Airport, shall contact ATC immediately after lift off and inform them of their position and intentions.
- The pilot of a helicopter landing at any location within the Territory, except for Hong Kong International Airport, shall inform ATC prior to descent to the landing site and state their intentions, including the duration of ground stop-over.
- The attention of all pilots is drawn to Local Flying Information Map, which details airspace restrictions and hazardous areas within the Hong Kong FIR.
- Prior approval should be obtained from ATC for any deviation from the published procedures due to adverse weather conditions, or operational necessity.
- ATC may waive such of these procedures as considered necessary under special circumstances, such as search and rescue operations.
- 飛行員應緊記,即使在ATC許可下進行飛行,飛行員也有負責避免在以目視飛行規則下飛行時與其他飛機相撞。
- 直升機從任何地區(除香港國際機場外的任何地方起飛),起飛後應立即與空中交通管制人員聯繫,並告知其位置和意圖。
- 直升機降落在地區(除香港國際機場外的任何地方),必須在降落到降落地點之前通知空中交通管制人員,並說明其意圖,包括地面停留的持續時間。
- 請所有飛行員注意本地飛行資訊地圖,當中詳細介紹了香港飛行情報區內的限制區域和危險區域。
- 如因惡劣的天氣條件或操作需要而要與已發布的程序有任何偏差,應事先獲得ATC的批准。
- 在特殊情況下,例如搜救行動,ATC可能會豁免必要的這些程序。
Regulations for Local Flights in the Hong Kong Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) and Control Zone (CTR) 香港機場交通區(ATZ)和管制區(CTR)的本地航班規例
- Hong Kong Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) and Control Zone (CTR) airspace are classified as Category C.
- ATC clearance for local flying will only be given if, in the opinion of Aerodrome Control, or Zone Control as appropriate, such flying will not interrupt or unnecessarily delay the normal operation of public transport aircraft.
- Before entering the ATZ or CTR, pilots shall inform ATC of their entry route, altitude, subsequent route and destination, or other intentions and obtain an ATC clearance for the proposed flight.
- Before leaving the ATZ or CTR, pilots shall inform ATC of their exit route and destination, before contacting the next ATS unit, and when Flight Information Service is not available, pilots should notify ATC of their ETA for the re-entry route and on their return adhere to within 15 minutes of that notified time.
- 香港機場交通區(ATZ)和管制區(CTR)歸為C類空域。
- 只有在航空交通管制員認為適當的情況下,這種飛行不會中斷或不必要地延遲公共運輸飛機的正常運行的情況下,航空交通管制員會發出許可。
- 進入機場交通區或管制區之前,飛行員應將其進入路線,高度,隨後的路線和目的地或其他意圖告知航空交通管制員,並獲得擬議飛行的許可。
- 離開機場交通區或管制區之前,飛行員應在聯繫下一個航空交通服務單位之前將其出口路線和目的地通知航空交通管制員,並且當Hong Kong Information(121.0)不在服務提供的時間時,飛行員應將重新進入路線的預計到達時間通知航空交通管制員。 返回的時間必須是通知時間的15分鐘內完成。
Flights by fixed wing aircraft and helicopters are restricted on the following CTR routes 定翼機和直升機的在管制區飛行的航線限制
Location 地點 | Restrictions限制 |
---|---|
Tung Chung Pass |
Fixed-wing aircraft not permitted |
Silvermine |
Fixed-wing aircraft not permitted |
Gold Coast Corridor |
Fixed-wing aircraft not permitted |
South Pass |
Fixed-wing aircraft and single engine helicopters not permitted |
East Pass |
Single engine aircraft not permitted |
Sha Tin Pass |
Single engine aircraft not permitted |
Regulations for Local Flights in the Uncontrolled Airspace Reporting Areas (UCARAs) 不受管制的空域報告區域(UCARA)中的本地航班規定
- UCARAs airspace is classified as Category G with an additional requirement of two-way radio communication.
- Pilots in UCARAs will be requested to squawk discrete SSR codes. If Flight Information Service is not available, then pilots shall squawk code 5200 and continue to make regular blind transmissions on FIS frequency.
- Use of transponder in UCARAs does not imply ATC service is provided. Pilots shall continue to be responsible for their own navigation and collision avoidance while in flight.
- UCARA的空域被歸類為G類,並須要雙向的無線電通信。
- 在UCARA的飛機將會被發出SSR代碼(Squawk Code)。 如果沒有飛行信息服務(Hong Kong Information 121.0),飛行員應使用5200碼,並繼續在FIS頻率上進行常規的位置報告。
- 在UCARA中使用應答器並不意味著提供了航空交通管制服務。 飛行員在飛行中應繼續負責自己的導航和避免碰撞。
Regulations for Local Flights at Hong Kong International Airport (HKIA) 香港國際機場本地航班的規定
Helicopter operations at Hong Kong International Airport are categorised depending on the nature of the flight as tabulated below:
根據航班的性質,香港國際機場的直升機運營可分為以下幾類:
Category 種類 | Nature of Flight 航班性質 | Designated Parking Location 指定的停機位置 |
---|---|---|
Technical Flight |
Maintenance flight |
Maintenance Apron |
Flights operated for Hire or Reward |
Includes domestic and international non-scheduled flights |
Hong Kong Business Aviation Apron |
International Flights operated NOT for Hire or Reward |
Hong Kong registered helicopter |
Maintenance Apron |
CASEVAC |
Medical |
As instructed by ATC |
Procedures for Local Flights in Hong Kong Aerodrome Traffic Zone (ATZ) and Control Zone (CTR) Zones 在香港機場交通區(ATZ)和管制區(CTR)區內進行本地飛行的程序
- Non-IFR flights within the CTR Zones, are under the control of Hong Kong Zone Control operating on frequency 120.6 MHZ, call sign ‘Hong Kong Zone’.
- Flights within the CTR above 2 000 ft AMSL are under the control of Hong Kong Approach Control on frequency 119.1 MHZ or Departure Control on frequency 123.8 MHZ.
- To enhance flight safety, it is recommended that all local operators display landing lights whilst entering, leaving or operating within the ATZ or CTR Zones.
- 管制區域內的非使用儀表飛行規則的飛機受香港區域控制的管制,頻率為120.6 MHZ,呼叫符號為“Hong Kong Zone”。
- 在2000英尺AMSL以上的管制區內的航班受119.1 MHZ頻率的香港進近管制或123.8 MHZ頻率的離港管制的控制。
- 為了提高飛行安全性,建議所有本地操作員在進入,離開或在機場交通區或管制區域內操作時都顯示著陸燈。
VERTICAL LIMITS AND ALTITUDE RESTRICTIONS 垂直限制和海拔限制
The vertical limits are: 1. ATZ surface up to 2 000 ft AAL; 2. CTR Zones surface up to 2 000 ft AMSL (subject to the table below).
垂直限制為: 1. 機場交通區表面不超過2000英尺AAL; 2. 管制區域的表面不超過2000英尺AMSL(跟從以下圖表的規定)。
In the following CTR Zones ATC will apply an altitude restriction dependant on the runway in use at Hong Kong International Airport:
在以下管制區域中,航空交通管制員將根據香港國際機場使用的跑道實施高度限制:
CTR Zone 管制區域 | RWY in Use 正在使用的跑道 | Altitude Restriction 高度限制 |
---|---|---|
South Outer Zone 南部區域 |
RWY 07L/R 跑道 07L/R |
500 ft 500 英尺 |
Delta Zone 珠江區域 |
As instructed by ATC 聽從ATC指示 | |
Island Zone 離島區域 Green Island - Ma Wan Corridor 青洲 - 馬灣走廊 Green Island - Silvermine 青洲 - 銀礦灣 Green Island - Cheung Chau 青洲 - 長洲 Green Island - Lamma 青洲 - 南丫島 Green Island - west of Star Ferry 青洲 - 天星小輪以西 East of Star Ferry 天星小輪以東 |
1000 ft 1000 英尺 800 ft 800 英尺 1000 ft 1000 英尺 1000 ft 1000 英尺 1000 ft 1000英尺 1500 ft 1500 英尺 | |
South Outer Zone 南部區域 |
RWY 25L/R 跑道 25L/R |
1200 ft 1200 英尺 |